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¿Has escuchado de la insuficiencia cardiaca? No es un ataque cardiaco. Son dos enfermedades cardiacas diferentes.
Un ataque cardiaco es cuando la circulación sanguínea al corazón se reduce u obstruye repentinamente. La insuficiencia cardiaca ocurre cuando el corazón no bombea sangre adecuadamente. Y afecta a casi 3 millones de mujeres cada año.
Comprender este trastorno puede ser útil para que sepas si tienes riesgo y lo que puedes hacer al respecto.
Los peligros de la insuficiencia cardiaca
La insuficiencia cardiaca, que usualmente ocurre con el tiempo a medida que los músculos cardiacos se debilitan, puede causar muchos problemas graves, incluyendo:
Las causas de la insuficiencia cardiaca
Cualquier cosa que lesione el corazón o que haga que se esfuerce demasiado puede causar insuficiencia cardiaca.
Esto incluye trastornos de la salud tales como:
Factores del estilo de vida también podrían incrementar tu riesgo de insuficiencia cardiaca. Algunos de ellos son:
Para las mujeres, particularmente para las menopáusicas, las causas más frecuentes de insuficiencia cardiaca incluyen:
Tipos de insuficiencia cardiaca
La insuficiencia cardiaca se agrupa en tres categorías principales.
La insuficiencia ventricular izquierda ocurre cuando el lado izquierdo del corazón tiene que esforzarse más para bombear el mismo monto de sangre. Hay dos tipos de insuficiencia ventricular izquierda:
La insuficiencia ventricular derecha usualmente ocurre debido a una insuficiencia del lado izquierdo. Cuando el lado izquierdo del corazón no puede bombear suficiente sangre, la acumulación de presión puede lesionar el lado derecho.
La insuficiencia cardiaca congestiva ocurre cuando la sangre que regresa al corazón a través de las venas retrocede, lo que hace que se acumule líquido. Esto podría causar hinchazón (edema) a lo largo del cuerpo, incluyendo en los pulmones (edema pulmonar). Esto puede dificultar la respiración.
La insuficiencia cardiaca congestiva también puede impedir que los riñones desechen de sodio y agua, lo cual podría empeorar la hinchazón.
Señales y síntomas de insuficiencia cardiaca
Para algunas personas, los síntomas de insuficiencia cardiaca aparecen lentamente. Para otras, estos podrían ser repentinos.
Los síntomas de insuficiencia cardiaca podrían incluir:
Si experimentas cualquiera de estos síntomas, asegúrate de que un proveedor de atención médica (HCP, por sus siglas en inglés) los evalúe.
Diagnóstico de la insuficiencia cardiaca
La insuficiencia cardiaca se diagnostica usando una combinación de herramientas. Primero, un proveedor de atención médica hará preguntas de tus antecedentes médicos, incluyendo cualquier problema médico o factores de tu estilo de vida que podrían incrementar tu riesgo de insuficiencia cardiaca.
Tu proveedor de atención médica también preguntará cómo te has sentido (es conveniente traer una lista de síntomas a consultas médicas relacionadas con tu corazón, junto con una lista de tus medicamentos).
Luego, tu proveedor de atención médica te examinará y decidirá qué pruebas pedir (también podría referirte a un cardiólogo, un doctor que se enfoca en el corazón).
Algunas pruebas usadas para diagnosticar insuficiencia cardiaca son:
Tratamiento de la insuficiencia cardiaca
El tratamiento de la insuficiencia cardiaca depende de su causa y su gravedad. La insuficiencia cardiaca no puede curarse, así que la meta del tratamiento es reducir los síntomas y mejorar la calidad de vida.
Afortunadamente, la lista de medicamentos que se utilizan para tratar la insuficiencia cardiaca es larga. Los medicamentos pueden incluir:
Las personas con insuficiencia cardiaca frecuentemente necesitan más de un medicamento.
Los dispositivos que pueden ser útiles para personas con insuficiencia cardiaca incluyen:
No siempre se necesita una cirugía para manejar este trastorno. Sin embargo, podrían haber casos en los cuales se necesitan ciertas cirugías, tales como cirugías para despejar arterias obstruidas, para arreglar un defecto de una válvula cardiaca o para redirigir el torrente sanguíneo al corazón. Podría requerirse un trasplante de corazón si otros tratamientos no son útiles
Vivir con insuficiencia cardiaca
Cambiar tu estilo de vida también podría ser útil para controlar los síntomas de insuficiencia cardiaca. De esta forma puedes ser proactiva en lo que se refiere a tu tratamiento y ajustes pequeños pueden marcar una gran diferencia. Los cambios de estilo de vida pueden incluir:
Proveedores de atención médica también podrían sugerir rehabilitaciones cardiacas, lo que incluye entrenamiento y asesoría relacionada con el ejercicio, educación para un estilo de vida saludable para el corazón y orientación para controlar el estrés.
Tú y tu proveedor de atención médica podrán identificar un plan de tratamiento que te permita disfrutar tu vida al máximo si tienes insuficiencia cardiaca.
Este recurso educativo se preparó con el apoyo de Novartis.
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As a woman in my 50s, I often find myself wondering if some new ailment is just part of “normal aging” or if I should see a healthcare provider (HCP).
Is that pain in my foot fixable with physical therapy or am I just getting too old to run? Am I not sleeping well because of stress or is it perimenopause? Which vaccines should I get now that I’m over 50?
These are just some of the questions that make annual checkups especially important — and helpful — for women at all ages, especially in midlife.
Annual checkups, sometimes called well woman visits, are key to maintaining good health. These visits help you and your HCP maintain an active dialogue about your health and can help prevent future medical issues . Annual visits are a great time to talk about your health concerns, ask questions and get screened for various conditions. Your HCP might weigh you, take your vital signs, discuss your health habits and do a physical exam. At some annual visits, you might have blood drawn or get a vaccine.
“As a family physician, I care for the whole patient and try to discuss prevention at every visit,” said Ada D. Stewart, M.D., lead provider and HIV specialist at Waverly Family Practice in Columbia, South Carolina, and past president and past board chair of the American Academy of Family Physicians. “My well women annual visits … focus on sexual health, but I usually see [my patients] more often so I have time to address their social history and include their physical and mental health. I usually address risk for diabetes, heart disease [and] work-life balance regularly.”
Ideally, annual checkups should be an opportunity for your HCP to get to know you and your health needs and a way to develop a long-term relationship with an HCP. But for many women, it’s the only time they see an HCP. Still others never get a checkup at all.
According to a 2024 report, just 7 out of 10 women ages 18–44 had a preventive medical visit in the past year. That means almost a third of women didn’t get routine preventive care. And some women have a harder time getting care than others, including women of color, women with lower education levels, women in rural communities and women with lower incomes.
Almost 12% of women 18–44 are uninsured, and Hispanic women, women without college degrees and women living in poorer households are more likely not to have health insurance. Without health insurance, preventive care and routine screenings can be out of reach.
What’s included in a typical well woman visit
Due to insurance requirements, the average well woman visit usually lasts only 15 to 30 minutes. That doesn’t always leave enough time to ask all your questions. And you might not be able to get the information or resources you need.
To make the most of these visits, you need to use your limited time wisely. It helps to know what to expect.
The Women’s Preventive Services Initiative (WPSI) publishes a Well-Woman Chart that outlines recommended preventive services based on a woman’s age, health status and risk factors, including screening and/or counseling for:
That’s a long list, and it may not even include everything that you specifically want to address, such as migraine attacks, menstrual health and menopause.
How to get what you need in a well woman visit
There’s almost no way to cover every possible preventive health screening or topic in one visit. So how can you get the information and support you need in your annual checkup?
Stewart recommends coming to your visit prepared, specifically suggesting that women bring a list of questions or concerns with them so they do not forget anything when they’re with their HCP.
“Annual well women visits give me the opportunity to address the unique needs of women, which do change throughout their lifespan,” said Stewart.
Here are 4 tips to make the most of your annual visit:
This educational resource was created with support from Pfizer, a HealthyWomen Corporate Advisory Council member.
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Breastfeeding is often painted as the most natural part of motherhood—but the reality is that it’s a journey filled with surprises, self-doubt, and steep learning curves. It’s time to talk honestly about what many mothers wish they’d known before they began nursing.
Everyone says “breastfeeding is instinctive.” That’s true—for babies. But for moms, it’s often a skill learned through trial, error, and a lot of perseverance.
What You Should Know:
Sore nipples, engorged breasts, and let-down discomfort are often brushed off as “part of the process.” But pain is your body’s way of saying something needs adjusting.
What You Should Know:

Many new moms panic when colostrum—the golden first milk—trickles out in drops rather than streams. Don’t worry.
What You Should Know:

Just when you think you’ve found a rhythm, your baby wants to nurse every 45 minutes for hours. Welcome to cluster feeding.
What You Should Know:
Am I producing enough milk? Why is the baby still crying? Should I switch to formula? These thoughts are more common than you think.
What You Should Know:

Breastfeeding can feel isolating, especially at 3 a.m. when the world is asleep. But support is everything.
What You Should Know:
Sometimes, the pressure to “exclusively breastfeed” can lead to guilt, burnout, and anxiety.
What You Should Know:
Disclaimer
The Content is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition.
Katja Stam is a Dutch beach volleyball player. She competed in the 2020 Summer Olympics. Stam shares the same birthday with her partner Raïsa Schoon. She was born at Emmen, Netherlands. Since the beginning of 2020 she has formed a team with Raïsa Schoon.
They started in 2020 during corona in the Dutch premier league, where they were able to write the win in their name six times. At the end of this season they became Dutch Champion on the beach of Scheveningen. In 2021 they started their international debut as a team and in that season they obtained the last European ticket for the Olympic Games in Tokyo by winning the Continental Cup in their own country. In Tokyo they came 17th and a few weeks later they won a silver medal at the European Championship in Vienna.

In 2022 they won four medals on the newly introduced Beach Pro Tour. This event put them at number 1 on the world rankings for a few weeks! They also won bronze at the European Championship. She does weekly 28 hours of ball, strength, cardio and mental training.
3rd place Beach Pro Tour Finals Doha (QAT)
Gold Beach Pro Tour Elite 16 Doha (QAT)
Dutch Champion King of the Court
Silver Beach Pro Tour Challenge Tlaxcala (MEX)
Gold Beach Pro Tour Elite 16 Rosarito (MEX)
Bronze Beach Pro Tour Challenge Itapema (BRA)
Bronze European Championship Munich (GER)
Dutch Champion King of The Court
Gold Beach Pro Tour Elite 16 Paris (FRA)
Silver European Championship Vienna
Dutch champion!
Dutch champion
Silver Dutch Championship (indoor)
5x gold Eredivisie
1x silver Eredivisie
Women Fitness President Ms. Namita Nayyar catches up with Katja Stam, an exceptionally talented Dutch Beach Volleyball player, here she talks about her fitness regime, and her story to success.

What were some of the challenges you faced early in your career? How did you overcome them?
I am 1.92m so when I was younger I didn’t have a lot of body control. This also meant that it was really hard to move in the sand as well in comparison to indoor. A lot of my teammates already went to under age tournaments and I always was just not good enough yet.
I always kept in mind that I wanted it the most and in the end I would show the most perseverance of everybody to achieve it. Besides that I was aware of my body ‘issues’. I knew I had a lot of benefits from being the tallest but I also need to work harder for coordination and technique than some other shorter players. I know there are also exceptions but this is how I see it in my career.

How do you mentally prepare for a major match? What strategies do you use to stay focused under pressure?
For me, the most important part is my preparation. If I know I did everything I could in training, recovery, team spirit, etc. I mostly feel confident in a tournament. Before a major match I prepare mentally by visualization. I visualize every task in very specific details. Like how I want my feet to be standing in passing, how much I want to bend my knees during a block jump. I also think about a positive outcome for all those tasks.
After that I start to visualize my behavior. How do I want to stand in the court? What I am doing after a point we’ve scored and what if we didn’t. At last I tell myself I did everything I could and I will give everything I have and then I start my warm-up. In the game I stay focused by sort of repeating this but then faster. So I stay with my little tasks and stay positive. If I’m getting to feel stressed I’m also focusing a lot on my breathing to stay focused.
Full Interview is Continued on Next Page
This interview is exclusive and taken by Namita Nayyar President of womenfitness.net and should not be reproduced, copied, or hosted in part or full anywhere without express permission.
All Written Content Copyright © 2025 Women Fitness
Disclaimer
The Content is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition.
You’ve probably seen measles popping up in your news feed lately — hopefully that’s the only place you’re seeing it — because cases have been on the rise.
More than 1,300 measles cases have been reported so far this year — the most recorded since the disease was officially eliminated from the United States 25 years ago. (Eliminated meaning there was no continuous spread of disease within the country for a year and any new cases were coming from people who got it abroad.)
Thanks to America’s strong vaccination program, most of us got the measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccine as a kid and haven’t thought about measles in years. Or ever. But measles is a serious disease.
Before the vaccine was introduced in 1963, millions of people — mostly children — became infected with measles every year. And some complications can be severe.
So, what’s going on with the rise in measles cases?
Although measles is preventable if you get the vaccine, research shows that vaccination rates for children fell from 95% in 2019 to 92% in 2023. Declining rates mean more people are vulnerable to the virus. And because measles spreads so quickly, it’s hard to contain in unvaccinated communities.
Also, measles cases do happen in the U.S. every year when unvaccinated travelers bring the virus into the country. Given the unpredictability of where and when the virus might start and spread, vaccination is really the only way to protect your health and the health of others.
What is measles?
Measles is a disease caused by a virus that invades the mucus in the nose and throat. It spreads through the air when someone with measles coughs or sneezes.
The virus can live for up to two hours in a room where an infected person has been — they don’t even have to be in the room anymore. (We know — yikes!) And if you get infected, up to 9 out of 10 people around you will get the measles too if they haven’t been vaccinated for the disease.
Measles symptoms
Symptoms of infection usually don’t start for seven to 14 days after exposure to the virus, which can make early diagnosis and stopping the spread of measles a challenge.
Signs of measles develop in phases.
During the first round of symptoms, people may experience:
Two to three days after the initial symptoms start, small white spots called Koplik spots may appear inside your mouth.
The most common symptom, the measles rash, will appear three to five days after the first round of symptoms start.
What do measles look like?
iStock.com/Singjai20
A measles rash usually starts out as flat red spots on the forehead near the hairline. Small bumps may also form on top of the red spots, and the rash may spread in large connected swaths down the body and feet.
Measles rash may also be different shades of red, brown or purple depending on your skin tone.
Is measles deadly?
Measles can be deadly. The disease can cause life-threatening complications, including swelling of the brain and pneumonia.
Three people have died from measles in the U.S. so far in 2025. And research shows 1 to 3 people out of 1,000 diagnosed with the disease will die from measles.
People who get measles can also develop subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) — a fatal disease that affects the central nervous system, which is like command central for your body and is made up of the brain and spinal cord.
Anyone who’s not vaccinated is at risk, and children under age 5, pregnant women, adults over the age of 20 and people with compromised immune systems are more likely to have serious complications from measles.
Can adults get the measles vaccine?
If you didn’t get the vaccine as a kid, you can still get the recommended two-dose MMR vaccine. Just keep the doses at least 28 days apart.
And if you don’t know if you got the vaccine when you were younger, request your medical records. If you’re still not sure, an extra dose of the vaccine won’t hurt — better safe than measles, we say.
You can also request a blood test from your healthcare provider (HCP) to find out if you’re immune to measles.
Should adults get a measles booster shot?
The MMR vaccine is long lasting, and should protect you throughout your life. However, some people may want to consider getting vaccinated again.
People born before 1989 were only given one dose of the vaccine. That means you’re rockin’ about 93% protection. Getting the second dose — two doses are the recommendation today — boosts protection to 97%.
Also, people who were vaccinated before 1968 with an unknown type of measles vaccine or inactivated measles vaccine should get vaccinated with at least one dose. This is because the vaccine that was used prior to 1968 wasn’t effective.
Also good to note:
Who shouldn’t get the measles vaccine?
The MMR vaccine is safe and effective, but there are some people who shouldn’t get the vaccine — or should wait to get it.
Talk to your HCP if you:
Note for people planning to get pregnant: You should get the vaccine at least one month before getting pregnant, and/or wait until you’re no longer pregnant to get the vaccine.
Stay up to date on outbreaks
The CDC updates its website with the latest on measles cases and outbreaks every Wednesday. If you haven’t been vaccinated — it’s not too late. Talk to your healthcare provider about your options to keep measles at bay.
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Brittany Barreto, Ph.D., is a podcaster, an entrepreneur, and a molecular and human geneticist. (In other words, she’s really smart.) Read her column here each month to learn about what’s happening in the world of technology and innovation in women’s health.
Preeclampsia is a serious pregnancy complication that affects 1 in 12 pregnancies in the United States. It’s a leading cause of maternal death and preterm birth, and it disproportionately impacts Black women, who are 60% more likely to develop it and three times more likely to die from related complications.
Despite these risks, most preeclampsia care remains reactive, relying on symptoms like high blood pressure or protein in the urine that appear only after the condition has developed. But a wave of new technologies could make it possible to detect preeclampsia earlier, helping healthcare providers (HCP) manage risk before symptoms start.
Here are five innovations shaping the future of preeclampsia care.
1. GestAssure: Predicting risk in hospitalized patients
Thermo Fisher Scientific’s GestAssure test (also called the sFlt-1/PlGF ratio test) is a diagnostic tool used for pregnant women hospitalized with high blood pressure between 23 and 35 weeks of pregnancy. The test measures the levels of two proteins made by the placenta: sFlt-1, which increases in preeclampsia, and PlGF, which decreases.
By analyzing the ratio of these proteins, GestAssure enables providers to predict whether a patient is at risk of developing preeclampsia within the next two weeks. A negative result can support safe discharge from the hospital, while a positive result may lead to closer monitoring or earlier delivery. And results are pretty quick. Most hospital labs can have them in about 30 minutes.
Although this test has FDA approval, it is not yet reimbursed by insurance, which may mean it’s not an option for everyone.
2. Mirvie: Early prediction with RNA analysis
Photo/Courtesy of Mirvie
Mirvie has developed a simple blood test called Encompass that can predict preeclampsia months before symptoms appear. The test uses RNA analysis and artificial intelligence to identify molecular signatures linked to preeclampsia, even in pregnancies without traditional risk factors. In a recent study that analyzed 9,000 pregnancies of women ages 35 and up with no pre-existing high-risk conditions, the test identified 91% of pregnancies that developed preterm preeclampsia.
This proactive approach allows HCPs to start preventive care, such as prescribing low-dose aspirin or increasing monitoring, earlier.
Like GestAssure, the Mirvie test is FDA-approved but not yet covered by insurance. Mirvie is working to make the test widely available in the near future.
3. Delfina: Connected care with early promise
Delfina is designed with underserved and high-risk pregnancies in mind, offering a comprehensive pregnancy care platform that includes connected blood pressure monitors, educational resources and telehealth services. Their connected devices automatically sync with the Delfina app, increasing adherence to remote blood pressure monitoring protocols.
A recent study of Delfina users showed patients using connected devices recorded more readings and were over six times more likely to stick with the monitoring program compared to those using manual devices. While Delfina is not yet widely available, still needs more research and doesn’t have the backing of a large organization like ACOG, the initial data is promising for managing high-risk pregnancies.
4. BabyScripts: Remote blood pressure monitoring

Photo/Courtesy of BabyScripts
High blood pressure is a key sign of preeclampsia. BabyScripts offers a digital platform that connects with your physician and electronic medical records for remote monitoring of blood pressure during pregnancy, including tools tailored to a patient’s risk level. Patients receive a blood pressure cuff and use the BabyScripts app to log symptoms, track readings and learn important information about pregnancy.
Your HCP is alerted if readings are elevated or if patients are not checking their pressure regularly. Research shows BabyScripts reduces the time to detect preeclampsia by 13 days, and 93% of both Black and white patients used the app to take their blood pressure at home. In fact, blood pressure monitoring compliance was increased to 85% with the use of the app and BabyScripts patients were twice as likely to attend postpartum visits than non-users.
BabyScripts is cleared by the FDA, covered by some insurance plans, and supported by the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG), making it more accessible through standard prenatal care.
5. Kalia Health: A new approach to at-home testing
Still in development, Kalia Health is working on a urine-based test that detects protein linked to preeclampsia using an at-home strip, similar to a pregnancy test. This low-cost, easy-to-use test could improve early detection, especially for those in rural or underserved communities where it’s hard to get to an HCP.
Protein in the urine and high blood pressure are two hallmark signs of preeclampsia. Making testing accessible at home could be a game-changer for early intervention, particularly among those who face barriers to regular prenatal visits. However, the test is not yet available and is still undergoing clinical development.
Barriers to access remain
While these tools represent exciting advances, many are not yet covered by insurance, which can limit access. Pregnant individuals often expect their care to be covered under bundled maternity benefits, and introducing new tests or technologies may come with out-of-pocket costs.
Racial and socioeconomic disparities also persist. Black and Indigenous women face higher rates of preeclampsia and maternal death, and they may be less likely to be offered or have access to advanced screening technologies. To truly improve outcomes, these innovations must be paired with policy and reimbursement changes that ensure equitable access for all.
Looking ahead
From RNA blood tests to at-home urine strips, these technologies signal a shift from reactive to proactive pregnancy care. As the science grows and insurance coverage expands, these tools have the potential to save lives by identifying high-risk pregnancies earlier and empowering families and care teams to take action sooner.
The information about products and/or services in this column does not constitute any form of endorsement or recommendation by HealthyWomen. Links are provided as a convenience and for informational purposes only. This column may occasionally cover companies in which Brittany Barreto is an investor.
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When Brenay Torres, a mother of two in West Virginia, found a lump in her breast, she was sent for an ultrasound after her mammogram was inconclusive. But when she tried to set up the ultrasound appointment, she ran into an unexpected roadblock.
“That is when the nightmare began,” Torres said. She was sent to a different medical office to get the ultrasound done. But before she could be seen, they required the images from her mammogram — and the fee to get a copy of those records was $175.
Torres said she tried to negotiate a more reasonable fee, but the mammogram facility would not budge.
“The fee was too high for me to pay — and I could not get the ultrasound done. Every day I was extremely anxious that I could have cancer and it was spreading inside my body,” Torres said.
Because there are a limited number of providers in her town, it took Torres a while to find another imaging center that didn’t require the previous records, and she had to wait over three months until they had an opening.
“The whole situation was extremely stressful and it started because of the exploitative records fee — why can’t I have a picture of my own body without paying a high fee? These fees can limit a patient’s access to their medical information and the ability to coordinate their care,” said Torres.
Torres’s experience is not unusual.
While people are legally entitled to their medical records under federal law, many encounter burdensome fees when they request electronic or hard copies of their records.
Online patient portals have increased access to medical information, but patients may still need hard copies of their records when switching to a new doctor, dentist, imaging center or when they are referred to a specialist. Patients may also need hard copies for their own personal record-keeping.
“You can’t rely on the portal for everything, especially with imaging,” Torres said.
Under the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), providers may charge a “reasonable, cost-based fee,” which includes labor for copying the record (paper or electronic) and supplies (paper, CD, postage). But it may not include costs related to verifying, searching for and retrieving medical records. Requested records are also supposed to be sent within a timely manner, generally 30 calendar days.
Read: Health Insurance 101 for Women: What You’re Entitled to as a Woman >>
iStock.com/weihi zhu
Concerns about increasing healthcare costs — including unexpected fees — are growing. But even with HIPAA guidelines on medical records fees, the cost can still vary significantly depending on the facility, provider and the state they practice in.
Several states regulate what providers are allowed to charge, and some permit patients to receive one free copy of their records. Other states, such as Idaho, Kansas and Alaska, do not have laws in place that regulate records fees. Some states charge a flat fee, while others charge anywhere from 50 cents to $2 per page.
In some instances, even if a state permits certain fees, it may not be in compliance with the HIPAA Right of Access Provisions. Ultimately, if there’s a conflict between state laws and HIPAA on these fees, whichever law is more favorable to patients and provides a more affordable option generally takes precedent.
This nationwide patchwork of different rules for different states can lead to limited oversight on provider compliance and fees, which can result in an expensive and challenging process for patients.
Patients may be unaware of the HIPAA fee regulations and may not know they have the right to challenge providers who charge excessive or prohibited fees.
Caitlin Donovan, senior director of the Patient Advocate Foundation, said that it can be an administrative burden on providers to process records requests, but accessibility for patients should still be the priority and access to obtaining records should not depend on a patient’s ability to pay.
“Patients are entitled to their medical records, in the format that they request, but at a certain point these records are no longer accessible if it is not affordable,” Donovan said.
If patients encounter medical records fees that pose a hardship, Donovan recommended checking to see if the fee is allowed in their state and speaking to the billing office about their concerns. Patients also have the right to report exorbitant fees to their state’s inspector general office and their state’s consumer protection office.
If a provider is not adhering to state laws or HIPAA regulations, patients can file a HIPAA complaint with the Office of Civil Rights (OCR). If a patient has insurance, they can also file a complaint with their insurance company.
Donovan added that practice protocols can vary by provider, but suggested asking if the provider/facility can request the records directly from the provider who has them — sometimes provider to provider requests do not result in a fee.
Marginalized communities and patients with complicated medical histories who already experience health disparities can be particularly impacted by these fees.
“Fees can be another barrier for marginalized communities,” said Faith Ohuoba, M.D., an OB-GYN in Texas and clinical associate professor at the University of Houston. Ohuoba said that while there can be an increase in administrative work for the office staff to process different record requests, providers still need to be conscious of the impact these fees have on patients.
Women, who already spend more on healthcare compared to men, can also end up paying more in records fees. According to Ohuoba, women frequently have preventive screenings (mammogram and Pap tests) and these tests may be done at different facilities, which means they could potentially end up paying even more in fees to get their records from each medical office.
For patients who are not able to pay for an imaging CD, Ohuoba said to bring a copy of the imaging report to a new provider since these can typically be printed from the patient portal.
Ohuoba said that transparency is critical and it’s important for providers to disclose any fees that they charge up front. If you get an excessive records fee, Ohuoba said to request an itemized bill and ask for more specific information on what you’re being charged for. She noted that some facilities may say they have a flat fee for every record request, but asking for this specific information can still be an important part of increasing transparency in billing.
“Providers need to be empathetic to how fees may impact patients, offer different payment options and work with patients to resolve the issue,” Ohuoba said.
As told to Jacquelyne Froeber
My sister Briana is the yin to my yang.
As fraternal twins, you’d think that we’d want some space after sharing a uterus for nine months, but we were basically inseparable from birth.
Briana and I went to the same schools, shared the same friends, played the same sports and got our first jobs together at Braum’s Ice Cream & Dairy Store. We even had our own language.
After college, Briana and I got real jobs and we lived about 20 minutes from each other in Oklahoma. We always made time to see each other. At the very least we’d meet at the gym after work during the week.
But in 2017, our routine changed. I started having stabbing pains in my chest and I was diagnosed with pericarditis, or inflammation around the heart. The pain was so severe that I couldn’t exercise, and I had to take a break from the gym. My doctor said I would recover, but it may take months for me to feel better.
Briana and Kyle, 2017
Not seeing my sister during the week was tough, but we talked or texted every day. I was still recovering when my dad suddenly got sick and had gallbladder surgery. Then he had a stroke and things went downhill fast.
When Briana and I met up at the hospital to see our dad, I could tell right away that something was off. She said she’d been having severe, debilitating headaches for a few days, and nothing helped ease the pain.
Over the next week, Dad’s condition continued to get worse, and so did Briana’s. When we met again at the hospital, I could see the pain on her face. I told Briana to walk over to the ER, and I would meet her there after I talked to the doctor about dad’s condition.
By the time I walked to the ER, Briana had been admitted. I was only in her room for a few seconds before the doctor came in and asked me if I wanted a chair. I told her I liked to stand.
“Briana has a tumor in her brain, and we need to operate as soon as possible,” she said.
I wished I’d taken her up on that chair. The inflammation in my chest burned like a thousand suns. My mind reeled trying to catch up — one minute I was deciding whether to keep my father on life support and the next my sister had a brain tumor.
Despite the chaos swirling around us, Briana was her comedic self. During pre-op for her surgery the next morning, the doctor asked if she knew why she was there.
“To remove the alien probe from my head,” she said.
Classic Briana.
As they wheeled her away into the operating room, I felt my knees buckle. My body desperately wanted to fold over and curl up in a ball so I could scream and cry in the hallway that connected my unconscious father and my sister.
But I knew I couldn’t do that. My family was depending on me — I was depending on me — to be strong and keep it all together.
Right after Briana came out of surgery, my dad died.
As painful as it was, there was no time to grieve. The surgeon said Briana’s surgery went well, but the initial results said the tumor was cancer. It was melanoma.
My first thought was that it sounded absurd, and the doctors were lacking knowledge about melanoma. Briana was 41 years old and had no history of skin cancer and no cancer was found anywhere else in her body. But the official lab results came back that week, and it was, in fact, melanoma — which it turns out isn’t always skin cancer. It’s cancer of the melanocytes, which can also be in the brain.
The rare diagnosis aside, Briana needed help while she healed. Thankfully, the company I worked for let me take intermittent FMLA.
For the next few weeks, I took Briana to her follow-up appointments and Gamma Knife surgery — a type of noninvasive radiation.
She seemed to be doing great, but about five weeks in, I went to her house and my heart sank. The left side of her face was drooping. “I think you’ve had a stroke,” I said.
We went to the ER and that was the first time I heard the words “leptomeningeal disease.” It’s when cancer moves out of the tissue into the leptomeninges, which is made up of membranes and fluids in the brain. Needless to say, it didn’t sound good. I was an insurance adjuster — I read medical records all the time — but I’d never heard of this disease.
Briana’s medical team ended up saying she didn’t have leptomeningeal disease — but another tumor had formed in her brain.
I was devastated. I thought we had turned a corner and now we had four rounds of immunotherapy in front of us. The side effects were rough. The vertigo made her so dizzy I had to help her walk — even short distances. And the vomiting was brutal. But by the end of the year we got good news: The tumor was gone.
I felt buoyant, like a weight had been lifted from my body. It was the first good news we’d gotten in a long time, and it felt incredible. My sister was going to be OK. We were going to be OK.
In mid-January, her face started to droop again. Then we learned that Briana did have leptomeningeal disease after all. The doctors gave her three to six months to live.
That was really the start of our “journey” as we called it. Neither one of us liked that word, but other words like “fight” or “war” implied winning and losing. And as Briana said, “I’m not a loser — I’m not going to lose this battle because it’s not a battle. It’s just a journey I have to go through.”
The first thing I did was quit my job and become her full-time caregiver. I started really researching leptomeningeal disease and realized there wasn’t a lot of information out there.
There also weren’t a lot of local resources for managing the disease. Briana’s doctor said we’d have to go to Houston to see specialists. So, that’s what we did.
At least once a month, we’d get in the car and drive nine hours to Houston. Briana would get treatment, then we’d drive back home, and then head back down a few weeks later to see if the medication was working.
I treated the Houston trips like business and I had a routine. I prepped all my questions for the doctors beforehand. I prepped all of our food for on the way there, while we were there and for the way back. I packed our bags and made sure we had the right clothing, toiletries and Briana’s Winnie the Pooh. He went everywhere with us. He was on the journey, too.
When we got home from treatment, I’d get Briana inside, get her in comfortable clothes and put everything immediately in the washer. Then I’d put all the containers in the dishwasher.
By then, usually around 10 p.m., I’d make sure Briana was in bed and asleep. I’d pour myself a glass of wine or grab a beer, whatever I had energy for, and sit down at the kitchen table. And then I would cry. It was the only time I allowed myself to break down because it was really the only time that I didn’t have to be on — I didn’t have to ask questions and follow up and do my own research to try to save my sister. On those nights, I digested the horror unfolding in front of us. The helplessness deep in my gut. The fear.
In 2019, Briana started a clinical trial and that meant driving to Houston every two weeks. And it was a roller coaster of emotions: She had rapid progression and then rapid regression of disease.
Then Covid hit and things got even harder. I couldn’t be in treatment or follow-up visits with Briana — most of the time I couldn’t even go into the hospital. Briana had hearing loss from the radiation and some cognitive issues. There were times when she just couldn’t understand what was happening. I’d be on the other end of the phone listening to her cry or trying to help her find her way around the hospital. A lot of times I’d be grinding my teeth — stressed and angry and frustrated that I was in a hotel room down the street and not with my sister.
I distracted myself by reading every article I could about cancer. I started a Facebook page about leptomeningeal disease and it became a lifeline for me. If Briana was trying something new, I asked for opinions. If I found new research, I posted it. It started to become clear to me that there were more people out there than I’d previously thought living with the disease or caregiving for someone with it. And although I still felt helpless in many aspects, I didn’t feel completely alone.
In September 2021, Briana was actually feeling pretty good. She was on a break from her treatment and there’d been no progression of disease.
We planned a trip to Colorado and saw her friend and hiked around the gorgeous scenery. Then Briana started having pain in her sciatic nerve. I knew in my heart what that meant: progression.
Kyle and Briana, 2021
We went to Houston and restarted her medication. At first, everything was OK — the pain was gone. But the pain came back fast and nothing stopped it.
Briana’s decline was swift. Within a day, she went from walking on her own to using a walker and then not being able to walk at all. It was beyond jarring and I wasn’t quite sure what to do. I sat Briana down in a chair in the kitchen and she just fell off of it. It was like she couldn’t understand that she couldn’t walk anymore and she wasn’t making sense.
I called my stepmom. “Briana thinks she can walk, but she can’t,” I sobbed. “She has enough strength to move, but she can’t be left alone.”
My stepmom was stunned. “You’re kidding,” she said.
I wished more than anything I was.
We knew it was time to get hospice involved. I started taking a video of Briana to share with her doctors. I put Pooh bear next to her. “Briana, tell Pooh bear I love you,” I said.
“Pooh bear, I love you … and I love Kyle too!” I stopped the recording and tried to stifle the sobs. But the tears still made their way down my cheeks.
The next day Briana was the most awake and coherent she’d been in days. She was even hungry — she wanted eggs. I knew this was probably the rally before the decline that happens to most people who are close to death.
Later that day she looked at me and said, “Thank you for taking such good care of me. I love you so much.” Then she fell asleep, and she never woke up again.
Briana went into a comatose state. I’d been watching over her one morning and asked my stepmom to step in for a few minutes so I could take a breather. I had my head in my hands when she called out to me that she couldn’t find Briana’s pulse.
That was a thing with Briana and me — I was the only one in the family who could feel her pulse.
I went back into her room. “Yes, she still has a pulse,” I said. And as the words left my mouth, I felt it go away. My sister was gone.
In my family, we believe that if someone dies in the house, you open all the doors to let their spirit go and let them be free. The winter air rushed into the house and by nighttime everything felt cold and empty.
Grief is like a scar. It may get better over time, but the surface is changed forever. I’m still processing that my other half — the person who loved me unconditionally — is gone. And as hard as the journey was, I am forever grateful that I got to take care of her. Briana was given 6 months at best when she was diagnosed, and she lived for four years — a true testament to her strength and spirit.
Next year is our 50th birthday and I’ve planned a trip to a beach resort halfway around the world I know Briana would love. I know she’ll find me there, and we will celebrate together.
Resources
American Cancer Society Caregiver Resource Guide
Leptomeningeal Cancer Foundation
Leptomeningeal Disease (LMD) Community and Support
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Let’s take a minute to give props to your immune system.
If you’re not exactly sure what your immune system does, think of it like the mama bear of your body. The cells, tissues and organs that make up your immune system fiercely protect your body against threats (germs, viruses, etc.) and attack anything that’s potentially harmful.
Your immune system can also be a powerful weapon against cancer, thanks to a treatment option called immunotherapy. The treatments involve boosting or changing how the immune system works so it can find and destroy cancer cells.
There are different types of immunotherapy depending on the condition and diagnosis. One of the most innovative options out there is called chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy, which is typically used after other therapies have been tried first.
The treatment is unique compared to other cancer treatments because it uses the body’s T cells — a type of white blood cell — to help fight against the cancer.
CAR T-cell therapy isn’t an option for all cancers, but it can help people with certain blood cancers — even advanced cases of blood cancer — achieve “no evidence of disease” (a term used when cancer can no longer be detected in the body).
Read: Gene & Cell Therapy 101 >>
Here’s more on CAR T-cell therapy.
What is CAR T-cell therapy?
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy is a type of immunotherapy created from the living T cells of the person with cancer.
The T cells are a type of white blood cell and the main slayers of disease and infected cells. The natural T cells in people with cancer aren’t the best at finding and fighting cancer cells, so CAR T-cell therapy alters the T cells in a lab so they can better search and destroy the cancer.
How CAR T-cell therapy works
CAR T-cell therapy requires a few different steps. First, blood is collected from the patient via two IV lines — one to remove the blood and separate the white blood cells — and one to put the blood back into the body.
From there, T cells are separated from other white blood cells and genetically engineered in a lab. Special genes called chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) — hence the name — are added to the surface of the T cells.
After the T cells are modified, they’re grown and multiplied to create hundreds of millions of cells that are infused into the person with cancer.
The modified cells are then able to connect to antigen proteins on cancer cells and attack the cancer.
CAR T-cell prep and infusion
The process from the first blood collection to infusion can take up to five weeks.
In the weeks before the infusion, some people may have chemotherapy to weaken the immune system to give the modified T cells a better chance to fight the cancer.
When it’s time, CAR T-cell therapy is given in a single infusion via IV — a process that usually lasts around an hour.
CAR T-cell therapy side effects
Like all cancer treatments, CAR T-cell therapy can have a range of side effects, some of which can be severe, including infection and the death of B cells, which produce antibodies.
The good news is that research shows that the benefits of these treatments outweigh their risks. As a result, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has removed the Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy (REMS) requirements, which are protocols that are put in place to manage risks, from the approved CAR T-cell immunotherapies.
When the CAR T cells multiply, they can release chemicals in the blood (cytokines) that can ramp up the immune system and cause possibly life-threatening issues. This is called cytokine release syndrome (CRS).
The side effects of CRS can include:
CAR T-cell therapy may also affect the nervous system and lead to immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome (ICANS). The symptoms of the condition can include:
Other side effects of CAR T-cell therapy can include:
What are CAR T-cell therapies approved for?
CAR T-cell therapies were first approved by the FDA in 2017 for children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Today, CAR T-cell therapy is also approved to treat adults.
In addition to acute lymphoblastic leukemia, CAR T-cell therapy can be used to treat other types of blood cancer. These can include:
Given the success with blood cancers, a number of studies are now looking at CAR T-cell therapy for solid tumor cancers, such as brain, pancreatic, colorectal and triple negative breast cancer, as well as for autoimmune diseases (e.g., lupus, multiple sclerosis), cardiac and liver fibrosis, HIV, and Type 1 diabetes.
If I have cancer, how do I know if I’m eligible for CAR T-cell therapy?
CAR T-cell therapies are used to help treat blood cancer that has returned (relapsed) or blood cancer that hasn’t responded to previous treatments. If you have blood cancer, you should talk to your HCP to see if you’re a candidate.
Does insurance cover CAR T-cell therapy?
Many insurance plans cover CAR T-cell therapy, but the cost of treatment varies depending on the plan, and prior authorization may be required.
Medicare covers FDA-approved CAR T-cell therapy, and Medicaid may also cover it. Coverage can vary depending on the state.
For people who don’t have insurance or need financial assistance, CAR T-cell treatment centers and medication manufacturers may help with treatment costs and travel expenses like transportation, meals and lodging. Nonprofit organizations like The Leukemia & Lymphoma Society may offer financial support options too.
Access to CAR T-cell therapy
When the FDA removed the REMS requirement for six approved CAR T-cell therapies last month, the move also made the potentially life-saving treatments easier to access.
Without the REMS requirement, hospitals and clinics no longer need to have a certification to administer the treatments.
Also good to note: The FDA cut down the time people must wait to drive after treatment from eight weeks to two weeks. And the FDA shortened the requirement to stay near a healthcare facility from four weeks to two weeks.
These changes help offer more flexibility and opportunities for treatment.
If you or someone you know is interested in CAR T-cell therapy, talk to an oncologist about the facts, including where to go for treatment.
This educational resource was created with support from Bristol Myers Squibb, a HealthyWomen Corporate Advisory Council member.
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