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On the London exchange, robusta coffee futures for September 2026 delivery fell by $65 (-1.78%) to $3,588/ton; November 2026 delivery fell by $77/ton (-2.09%) to $3,614/ton; January 2027 delivery fell by $81/ton (-2.2%) to $3,598/ton. Prices for other contracts also decreased by $84/ton.
Similarly, on the New York exchange, the price of Arabica coffee for September 2026 delivery fell by 13.8 US cents/pound (-3.72%) to 357.6 US cents/pound; the price for December 2026 delivery fell by 13.35 US cents/pound (-3.98%) to 322.15 US cents/pound; and the March 2026 delivery price decreased by 13.15 US cents/pound (-4.09%) to 308.1 US cents/pound. Prices for other contracts fell by 12.65-13.1 cents/pound.
According to Barchart , coffee prices fell to a one-week low as improved prospects for Brazilian supply prompted investors to close out long positions following a sharp rise earlier. Robusta prices also came under pressure as inventories on ICE rose to a nine-month high.
The market is being affected by conflicting factors: improved prospects for future supply, while the availability of coffee for immediate delivery remains scarce. The shift in long-term supply expectations outweighed the short-term shortages during Wednesday’s session.
Harvesting progress in Brazil is improving, although it is still slower than the same period last year.
According to Cooxupé, one of Brazil’s largest coffee cooperatives, 87.5% of the harvest had been completed by August 21, up 6 percentage points from a week earlier but still lower than the 91.3% recorded at the same time last year.
Previously, Safras & Mercado, a Brazilian agricultural consulting and analysis company, stated that as of August 12th, the country’s 2026-2027 coffee crop was 90% complete, lower than the 97% at the same time last year and the five-year average of 94%. Arabica coffee alone reached 86% completion, compared to 95% a year earlier.
Traders also said that rainfall in Brazil is forecast to improve this week and next, creating favorable conditions for some coffee flowering. This could improve the supply outlook for the coming months.
However, coffee is still very scarce in the short term.
One clear indicator is that the spread between September and December arabica futures is currently around 36 cents/pound, reflecting supply constraints in the near-term futures contract.
Earlier, September arabica futures rose to a 7.5-month high as investors holding short positions worried that the amount of coffee available for the nearest-term contract would not be enough to meet demand.
The fact that investors had to close their short positions by buying back contracts contributed to the sharp price increase in previous sessions.
Another paradox is emerging in Brazil: many warehouses are nearly full, but the amount of coffee available for delivery on the exchange remains very low.
Reports that some warehouses in Brazil are no longer accepting new coffee shipments suggest that farmers have been delaying sales in anticipation of further price increases. However, as storage capacity shrinks, more of this coffee may have to be released onto the market, putting additional pressure on prices.
Meanwhile, certified arabica stocks on ICE continued to decline. The amount of arabica coffee meeting delivery standards fell to just 224,617 bags on Wednesday, the lowest level in 2.75 years and near a multi-year low.
Brokerage firm ADMIS believes that slow harvesting progress and issues with coffee bean quality in Brazil are limiting the amount of coffee that meets the standards for certification and storage on the exchange.
Reuters quoted Mike Nugent, a coffee consultant and broker, as saying that delivery notifications for the near-term futures contract are proceeding quite slowly, with only a few dozen notifications issued.
This development shows that “the fact that coffee is available somewhere does not mean that coffee is available here, right now, and in a form suitable for delivery.”
While arabica is supported by the scarcity of coffee meeting delivery standards, robusta is under more significant pressure from increasing inventories.
Robusta inventories on the ICE exchange rose to 4,943 lots on Tuesday, the highest level in nine months. Robusta fell 2.9% on Wednesday to $3,691 per ton, after surging as much as 5.1% on Monday.
The contrasting trends between the two types of coffee indicate that the market has different assessments of the supply situation for arabica and robusta.
In the long term, the supply outlook is becoming an increasingly important factor for coffee prices.
The reversal in the futures market structure suggests that traders expect supply to improve in the future, but remain uncertain about the pace at which coffee from producing countries is shipped to consuming markets.
According to a Reuters survey , arabica prices are projected to fall by 8.8% by the end of 2026, while the market surplus for the 2026-2027 crop year could increase to 8.2 million bags, up from just 1.7 million bags in the previous crop year.
Source: https://baoninhbinh.org.vn/gia-ca-phe-hom-nay-278-giam-manh-xuong-thap-nhat-mot-tuan-truoc-ky-vong-nguon-c-260827053432239.html
The EURUSD pair settles lower during its latest intraday trading, to break a main bullish trend on the short-term basis, accompanied by surpassing EMA50, which put it under negative pressure, suggesting more downside moves in the near upcoming period, especially with the emergence of the negative signals from the relative strength indicators.
Silver (XAG/USD) heads north for the second consecutive day on Friday, with all eyes on the Federal Reserve (Fed) Chairman Kevin Warsh’s speech at the Jackson Hole Symposium, due later on the day. The white metal extends gains to two-month highs a few cents below $71.00, after bouncing from the mid-range of the $67.00s on Thursday, on track to close a four-week rally.
Investors await Fed Warsh’s speech, eager for further insight about the central bank’s monetary policy, following the poor guidance provided at July’s monetary policy meeting. On Thursday, Kansas Fed President Jeffrey Schmidt and Cleveland Fed President Beth Hammack called for immediate monetary tightening, following hot US Personal Consumption Expenditures (PCE) Price Index figures the previous day.
XAG/USD trades at $70.44 with near-term price action showing a constructive bias from July’s trough below $55.00. Momentum indicators in the daily chart remain within positive territory, with the Relative Strength Index (14) at 66 approaching, but not yet at overbought levels, and the Moving Average Convergence Divergence (MACD) highlighting moderate bullish traction.
Bulls are likely to meet resistance at the mid-June highs between $71.35 and $71.55 ahead of the key resistance area at the 200-day Simple Moving Average (SMA), a closely watched indicator in FX markets, which is now lying at $72.50. A break above there would open the way toward the June 4 high near $75.00.
On the downside, Thursday’s low, at $67.63, is likely to provide support, ahead of a secondary floor near $63.25, which capped bears on August 18, and the August 6 low, near $60.90.
(The technical analysis of this story was written with the help of an AI tool. Know more.)
Silver is a precious metal highly traded among investors. It has been historically used as a store of value and a medium of exchange. Although less popular than Gold, traders may turn to Silver to diversify their investment portfolio, for its intrinsic value or as a potential hedge during high-inflation periods. Investors can buy physical Silver, in coins or in bars, or trade it through vehicles such as Exchange Traded Funds, which track its price on international markets.
Silver prices can move due to a wide range of factors. Geopolitical instability or fears of a deep recession can make Silver price escalate due to its safe-haven status, although to a lesser extent than Gold’s. As a yieldless asset, Silver tends to rise with lower interest rates. Its moves also depend on how the US Dollar (USD) behaves as the asset is priced in dollars (XAG/USD). A strong Dollar tends to keep the price of Silver at bay, whereas a weaker Dollar is likely to propel prices up. Other factors such as investment demand, mining supply – Silver is much more abundant than Gold – and recycling rates can also affect prices.
Silver is widely used in industry, particularly in sectors such as electronics or solar energy, as it has one of the highest electric conductivity of all metals – more than Copper and Gold. A surge in demand can increase prices, while a decline tends to lower them. Dynamics in the US, Chinese and Indian economies can also contribute to price swings: for the US and particularly China, their big industrial sectors use Silver in various processes; in India, consumers’ demand for the precious metal for jewellery also plays a key role in setting prices.
Silver prices tend to follow Gold’s moves. When Gold prices rise, Silver typically follows suit, as their status as safe-haven assets is similar. The Gold/Silver ratio, which shows the number of ounces of Silver needed to equal the value of one ounce of Gold, may help to determine the relative valuation between both metals. Some investors may consider a high ratio as an indicator that Silver is undervalued, or Gold is overvalued. On the contrary, a low ratio might suggest that Gold is undervalued relative to Silver.
Gold (XAU/USD) trades practically flat for the second consecutive day on Friday, with the rejection from three-month highs near $4,700 hit earlier in the week contained at a previous resistance area, just below $4,600. Market volatility remains subdued on Friday, with investors focusing on Federal Reserve Chairman Kevin Warsh’s speech at the Jackson Hole Symposium, due later in the day.
Investors expect Warsh to overcome his distaste for forward guidance and show some hints about the central bank’s near-term policy plans to tame price pressures, amid calls for interest rate hikes from board members.
On Thursday, Kansas Fed President Jeffrey Schmidt said on CNBC that inflation is “still sticky and we’ve got to continue to find ways to break through”, Later on the day, Cleveland Fed President Beth Hammack reiterated that it is “time to act” to bring inflation back to target.
XAU/USD trades at $4,599 with the broader bullish stance in play as spot price holds well above the 200-day Simple Moving Average (SMA), now around $4,525. Momentum indicators in the daily chart endorse the bullish view, with the Relative Strength Index (RSI) at 66.48 after pulling back from overbought extremes, and the Moving Average Convergence Divergence (MACD) holding within positive territory.
Bears remain contained above late-May highs in the $4,590 area so far, closing the path to the mentioned 200-day SMA at $4,527. Below there, the next downside target would be the August 13 high and August 20 low, at the $4,450 area.
Upside attempts remain capped ahead of the $4,700 level (Tuesday’s high), ahead of the May 12 high at $4,773 and April’s peak, near $4,900.
(The technical analysis of this story was written with the help of an AI tool. Know more.)
Gold has played a key role in human’s history as it has been widely used as a store of value and medium of exchange. Currently, apart from its shine and usage for jewelry, the precious metal is widely seen as a safe-haven asset, meaning that it is considered a good investment during turbulent times. Gold is also widely seen as a hedge against inflation and against depreciating currencies as it doesn’t rely on any specific issuer or government.
Central banks are the biggest Gold holders. In their aim to support their currencies in turbulent times, central banks tend to diversify their reserves and buy Gold to improve the perceived strength of the economy and the currency. High Gold reserves can be a source of trust for a country’s solvency. Central banks added 1,136 tonnes of Gold worth around $70 billion to their reserves in 2022, according to data from the World Gold Council. This is the highest yearly purchase since records began. Central banks from emerging economies such as China, India and Turkey are quickly increasing their Gold reserves.
Gold has an inverse correlation with the US Dollar and US Treasuries, which are both major reserve and safe-haven assets. When the Dollar depreciates, Gold tends to rise, enabling investors and central banks to diversify their assets in turbulent times. Gold is also inversely correlated with risk assets. A rally in the stock market tends to weaken Gold price, while sell-offs in riskier markets tend to favor the precious metal.
The price can move due to a wide range of factors. Geopolitical instability or fears of a deep recession can quickly make Gold price escalate due to its safe-haven status. As a yield-less asset, Gold tends to rise with lower interest rates, while higher cost of money usually weighs down on the yellow metal. Still, most moves depend on how the US Dollar (USD) behaves as the asset is priced in dollars (XAU/USD). A strong Dollar tends to keep the price of Gold controlled, whereas a weaker Dollar is likely to push Gold prices up.
Silver Price Forecast: XAG/USD Dips Below $69.00 as Fed Chair Speech Looms
Silver (XAG/USD) slipped below the $69.00 mark during early trading on [Date], as market participants turned cautious ahead of the Federal Reserve Chair’s highly anticipated speech. The precious metal’s decline reflects a broader wait-and-see stance among investors, who are seeking clarity on the future path of U.S. interest rates.
The pullback in silver prices comes as Treasury yields and the U.S. dollar show resilience, driven by expectations that the Fed may maintain a hawkish stance. Higher interest rates typically increase the opportunity cost of holding non-yielding assets like silver, putting downward pressure on prices. As of [Date], XAG/USD was trading at approximately $68.85, down from recent highs above $70.00.
Investors are closely monitoring the Fed Chair’s remarks for any signals regarding the timing of future rate cuts or hikes. The speech, scheduled for [Time] ET, is expected to provide insights into the central bank’s assessment of inflation and economic growth. A hawkish tone could further strengthen the dollar and weigh on silver, while a dovish surprise might trigger a rebound.
From a technical perspective, silver’s immediate support is seen at the $68.50 level, followed by the $68.00 psychological mark. On the upside, resistance is noted at $69.50 and then $70.00. A break above $70.00 could open the door for further gains, while a sustained move below $68.00 might signal deeper correction.
The silver market remains sensitive to global economic data, industrial demand, and geopolitical developments. With the Fed’s policy path uncertain, volatility is likely to persist. Additionally, silver’s dual role as both a precious and industrial metal means that economic growth expectations also play a crucial role in its price dynamics.
Silver’s dip below $69.00 underscores the market’s nervousness ahead of the Fed Chair’s speech. Traders should brace for potential volatility, with key support and resistance levels likely to guide short-term movements. The outcome of the speech will be pivotal in determining whether silver can regain its footing or extend its decline.
Q1: What is driving the silver price today?
The immediate driver is the market’s anticipation of the Fed Chair’s speech, which could signal future interest rate decisions. A stronger dollar and higher yields are also pressuring silver.
Q2: What are the key support and resistance levels for silver?
Immediate support is at $68.50, with stronger support near $68.00. Resistance is at $69.50 and $70.00. A break above $70.00 could trigger further upside.
Q3: How does the Fed’s policy affect silver prices?
Higher interest rates increase the opportunity cost of holding non-yielding assets like silver, typically leading to lower prices. Conversely, expectations of rate cuts can boost silver.
This post Silver Price Forecast: XAG/USD Dips Below $69.00 as Fed Chair Speech Looms first appeared on BitcoinWorld.
At 6:30 a.m. Eastern Time today, oil was priced at $90.55 per barrel with Brent serving as the benchmark (we’ll explain different benchmarks later in this article). That’s a gain of 87 cents compared with yesterday morning and around $22.34 higher than the price one year ago.
It’s impossible to forecast oil prices with detailed precision. Many different elements affect the market, but ultimately it boils down to supply and demand. When worries about economic recession, war, and other large-scale disruptions increase, oil’s path can shift fast.
Gas prices at the pump don’t only track crude oil. They also include what it takes to refine and move that fuel, the taxes layered on top, and the extra markup your local station adds to stay in business.
Since crude oil generally makes up a majority of the per-gallon cost, changes in its price have an outsized impact. When oil surges, gas prices typically rise in tandem. But when oil retreats, gas prices often lag on the way down, a trend sometimes described as “rockets and feathers.”
In case of emergency, the U.S. has a store of crude oil known as the Strategic Petroleum Reserve. Its primary purpose is energy security in case of disaster (think sanctions, severe storm damage, even war). But it can also go a long way toward softening crippling price hikes during supply shocks.
It’s not a long-term answer and is more meant to provide temporary relief, assisting consumers and keeping critical parts of the economy running, like key industries, emergency services, public transportation, etc.
Both oil and natural gas are key sources of the energy we use every day. Because of this, a big change in oil prices can affect natural gas. For example, if oil prices increase, some industries may swap natural gas for some segments of their operations where possible, which increases demand for natural gas.
To gauge oil’s performance, we often turn to two benchmarks:
Between these two, Brent better represents global oil performance because it prices much of the world’s traded crude. And, it’s often the best way to track historical oil performance. In fact, even the U.S. Energy Information Administration now uses Brent as its primary reference in its Annual Energy Outlook.
Looking at the Brent benchmark across several decades, oil has been anything but steady. It’s seen spikes due to factors such as wars and supply cuts, and it’s also seen crashes from global recessions and an oversupply (called a “glut”). For example:
All to say, oil’s historical performance has been anything but smooth. Again, it’s hugely affected by wars, recessions, OPEC whims, evolving energy initiatives and policies, and much more.
Looking to stay up-to-date regarding the latest energy developments? Check out our recent coverage:
The current price of oil per barrel depends largely on supply and demand, including news about potential future supply and demand (geopolitics, decisions made by OPEC+, etc.). In the U.S., prices also move based on how friendly an administration is to drilling, as it can affect future supply. For example, 2025 saw the Trump administration move to reopen more than 1.5 million acres in the Coastal Plain of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge for oil and gas leasing, reversing the Biden administration’s policy of limiting oil drilling in the Arctic.
The price of oil updates constantly when the “futures” markets are open. A futures market is effectively an auction where people agree to buy or sell oil in the future. As long as people and companies are trading contracts, the oil price is changing.
In short, shale is rock that contains oil and natural gas. Think of shale as energy yet to be tapped. The more shale the U.S. accesses, the more energy we’ll have—and the more easily oil prices can keep from spiking as much thanks to a greater supply.
When oil is expensive, it tends to make everyday items cost more. This can be related to energy (your heating, gas utilities, etc.), but it’s also due to the logistics involved with making those items accessible to you. Shipping, for example, can affect the price of things at the grocery store, as it’s more expensive to get those products from warehouses and farms onto the shelf.
Gold (XAU/USD) extends its gains for the second successive day, trading around $4,610 during the European hours on Friday. The price of the precious metal is remaining within the ascending channel pattern, suggesting a persistent bullish bias.
The XAU/USD pair is retaining a constructive bullish bias as spot holds above both the nine-period and 50-period Exponential Moving Averages (EMAs), keeping the short- and medium-term trends aligned to the upside. The 14-day Relative Strength Index (RSI) stands around 67, hovering in bullish territory but shy of extreme overbought conditions, which suggests upside momentum is still dominant though increasingly stretched.
Gold price may rise toward the three-month high of $4,697.07, reached on August 25. A break above this level would open the doors for the XAU/USD pair to reach the upper boundary of the ascending channel around $4,850.00.
On the downside, the immediate support appears at the nine-day EMA of $4,557.72, followed by the lower boundary of the ascending channel around $4,500. A break below this confluence support zone would weaken the bullish bias and put downward pressure on the Gold price to test the 50-day EMA at $4,336.84, followed by the three-week low of $4311.04, which was recorded on August 14.
Analysts at Deutsche Bank highlight a firmer backdrop in rates and commodities, noting that the “10y US Real Yield @ 2.34 // 2 bp” and “10y US Breakevens @ 2.33 // 1 bp” both edged higher, alongside a rise in “10y German Breakeven @ 2.13 // 2 bp.” Credit markets were broadly steady, with “iTraxx Europe 125 @ 51 // unch,” “CDX 125 @ 50 // unch,” and “CDX EM @ 98.4 // unch,” while financial indices were little moved as “iTraxx Sen Fin @ 54 // unch” and “iTraxx Sub Fin @ 87 // +1” showed only marginal shifts. In commodities and FX, Deutsche Bank points to “WTI Oil^ @ 83.13 // +1.94%” and a slightly softer Euro as “EUR/USD^ @ 1.165 // -0.10%.” Equity sentiment in Asia was constructive, with the “NIKKEI @ 66624 // +0.74%” and “Hang Seng @ 25685 // +0.47%,” while volatility eased as the “VIX @ 14.51 // -0.70” slipped further. Against this backdrop of rising real yields and stronger Oil, the bank notes that “Gold^ @ 4579 // -0.85%” came under pressure.
(The technical analysis of this story was written with the help of an AI tool. Know more.)
Gold has played a key role in human’s history as it has been widely used as a store of value and medium of exchange. Currently, apart from its shine and usage for jewelry, the precious metal is widely seen as a safe-haven asset, meaning that it is considered a good investment during turbulent times. Gold is also widely seen as a hedge against inflation and against depreciating currencies as it doesn’t rely on any specific issuer or government.
Central banks are the biggest Gold holders. In their aim to support their currencies in turbulent times, central banks tend to diversify their reserves and buy Gold to improve the perceived strength of the economy and the currency. High Gold reserves can be a source of trust for a country’s solvency. Central banks added 1,136 tonnes of Gold worth around $70 billion to their reserves in 2022, according to data from the World Gold Council. This is the highest yearly purchase since records began. Central banks from emerging economies such as China, India and Turkey are quickly increasing their Gold reserves.
Gold has an inverse correlation with the US Dollar and US Treasuries, which are both major reserve and safe-haven assets. When the Dollar depreciates, Gold tends to rise, enabling investors and central banks to diversify their assets in turbulent times. Gold is also inversely correlated with risk assets. A rally in the stock market tends to weaken Gold price, while sell-offs in riskier markets tend to favor the precious metal.
The price can move due to a wide range of factors. Geopolitical instability or fears of a deep recession can quickly make Gold price escalate due to its safe-haven status. As a yield-less asset, Gold tends to rise with lower interest rates, while higher cost of money usually weighs down on the yellow metal. Still, most moves depend on how the US Dollar (USD) behaves as the asset is priced in dollars (XAU/USD). A strong Dollar tends to keep the price of Gold controlled, whereas a weaker Dollar is likely to push Gold prices up.
No news for Platinum price as it forms sideways trading and its stability near $1840.00 level, surrendering to the contradiction of the main indicators temporarily, noticing the price attempt to rise above the support level at $1780.00 to increase the chances of gathering positive momentum, to begin forming bullish waves to target $1875.00 level, repeating the pressure on $1905.00 to find an exit for recording new gains in the near and medium period.
The expected trading range for today is between $1820.00 and $1875.00
Trend forecast: fluctuated within the bullish trend
Gold is back in the red below $4,600 early Friday, resuming its corrective decline from 15-week highs of $4,697 earlier this week.
Gold bulls are consolidating the upside, awaiting Federal Reserve (Fed) Chairman Kevin Warsh’s debut at the annual Jackson Hole Symposium.
In doing so, traders are continuing to take profits off the table, following the recent surge to over three-month highs. They keenly await Warsh’s words for fresh hints on whether an interest rate hike remains a possibility at the Fed’s September 16-17 monetary policy meeting.
Despite hot US core Personal Consumption Expenditures (PCE) Price Index data for July, the CME Group’s FedWatch Tool shows the market keeps pricing in a roughly 65% probability that the Fed will keep rates on hold next month.
The headline PCE Price Index increased 0.2% for the month, putting the annual inflation rate at 3.7%, the Commerce Department reported Wednesday. The market forecast was for 0.1% and 3.6%, respectively. Meanwhile, core PCE posted gains of 0.2% and 3.3%, in line with forecasts.
Fading hopes for a September Fed rate hike and the optimism over a potential reopening of the Strait of Hormuz keep the US Dollar (USD) recovery in check, limiting any downside in Gold.
However, Gold’s next major move remains at the mercy of the new Fed Chairman, with markets expecting Kevin Warsh to signal a roadmap for fighting inflation while not just sticking to his rhetoric of watching incoming economic data and restoring price stability.
If Warsh disappoints by offering no hints on the path forward for interest rates or fails to address the recent developments around bond markets, that is unlikely to go down with US Dollar traders. In such a scenario, Gold could see a fresh leg north.
That said, any reaction could be short-lived as attention would quickly turn to next week’s US Nonfarm Payrolls data.
In the daily chart, XAU/USD trades at $4,579.57, holding a clear bullish bias as price stands above the 21-day, 50-day, 100-day and 200-day simple moving averages (SMAs), which all trail beneath the market and reinforce a well-supported uptrend. The Relative Strength Index (14) at 64.55 is in bullish territory but shy of overbought conditions, suggesting positive momentum that still leaves room for further upside before excessive froth becomes a concern.
On the downside, initial support is aligned with the 200-day SMA near $4,527.73, followed by a medium-term demand zone around the 21-day SMA at $4,399.08 and the 100-day SMA at $4,374.69, while the 50-day SMA at $4,208.94 marks a deeper trend-supportive floor. With no nearby technical resistance levels overhead in this dataset, the path of least resistance remains to the upside as long as XAU/USD continues to trade above these stacked moving averages.
(The technical analysis of this story was written with the help of an AI tool. Know more.)
According to TD Securities, Commodity Trading Advisors “remain comfortable with their long positions in gold heading into Jackson Hole,” reflecting a constructive backdrop for the metal. The bank cautions that “a more hawkish tone from Fed Chair Warsh would be a catalyst for some reversal in the yellow metal,” but argues that “the bar is likely high to reverse the improved sentiment in precious metals.” Beyond the Fed’s “willingness to look past an energy-driven inflation shock,” TD Securities highlights that “the re-ignition of the dollar debasement theme has also fueled renewed macro discretionary appetite in precious metals.”
Monetary policy in the US is shaped by the Federal Reserve (Fed). The Fed has two mandates: to achieve price stability and foster full employment. Its primary tool to achieve these goals is by adjusting interest rates.
When prices are rising too quickly and inflation is above the Fed’s 2% target, it raises interest rates, increasing borrowing costs throughout the economy. This results in a stronger US Dollar (USD) as it makes the US a more attractive place for international investors to park their money.
When inflation falls below 2% or the Unemployment Rate is too high, the Fed may lower interest rates to encourage borrowing, which weighs on the Greenback.
The Federal Reserve (Fed) holds eight policy meetings a year, where the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) assesses economic conditions and makes monetary policy decisions.
The FOMC is attended by twelve Fed officials – the seven members of the Board of Governors, the president of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, and four of the remaining eleven regional Reserve Bank presidents, who serve one-year terms on a rotating basis.
In extreme situations, the Federal Reserve may resort to a policy named Quantitative Easing (QE). QE is the process by which the Fed substantially increases the flow of credit in a stuck financial system.
It is a non-standard policy measure used during crises or when inflation is extremely low. It was the Fed’s weapon of choice during the Great Financial Crisis in 2008. It involves the Fed printing more Dollars and using them to buy high grade bonds from financial institutions. QE usually weakens the US Dollar.
Quantitative tightening (QT) is the reverse process of QE, whereby the Federal Reserve stops buying bonds from financial institutions and does not reinvest the principal from the bonds it holds maturing, to purchase new bonds. It is usually positive for the value of the US Dollar.