Vitamin C is a water-soluble vitamin needed for essential body processes. The human body does not make or store vitamin C, and it eliminates any excess in the urine. You must get enough vitamin C daily from food or supplements.

Vitamin C is an antioxidant, helping protect cells from damage by highly reactive oxygen molecules called free radicals. The body needs vitamin C to make skin collagen (a structural protein) and improve iron absorption. It also helps the immune system protect the body from disease.

The recommended amounts of vitamin C vary by age and are measured in milligrams (mg). Vitamin C deficiency is rare in the United States, and while taking too much vitamin C isn’t dangerous, it is always a good idea to take only the recommended daily amounts.

Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA) by Life Stage

You need to get enough vitamin C to support your immune health and other body functions. However, most people do not need vitamin C supplementation because they get enough in food and drinks.

The amount of vitamin C you need will depend on your age and the amount of vitamin C you can get from your diet. 

The National Institutes of Health (NIH) recommends the following doses of vitamin C daily:

• Babies and infants: 40–50 mg
• Children ages 1 to 8: 15–25 mg 
• Children ages 9 to 13: 45 mg
• Teens ages 14 to 18: 65–75 mg
• Adults: 75–90 mg
• Pregnant teens and adults: 80–85 mg
• Breastfeeding or chestfeeding teens and adults: 115–120 mg

Within the NIH ranges, males need higher amounts of vitamin C. If you are pregnant or lactating, you will also need higher amounts. If you are pregnant, it is not a good idea to take vitamin C supplements without first talking to a healthcare provider. 

People who smoke have higher vitamin C needs. The NIH recommends an additional 35 mg of the vitamin if you are a smoker. 

How Much Vitamin C Do You Need for Specific Goals?

Vitamin C is known for boosting immunity and reducing oxidative stress (an imbalance between antioxidants and damaging free radicals in cells). It also has other health benefits. 

Boosting Immunity 

One of the main reasons for taking vitamin C supplements is to boost immunity, as vitamin C can be vital to various areas of the immune system. 

Ways in which vitamin C can boost the immune system include:

• It encourages the production of lymphocytes and phagocytes, white blood cells that protect the body from infection.
• It helps white blood cells function more effectively while protecting them from free radicals. These harmful molecules are responsible for oxidative stress and chronic disease.
• It may prevent and treat respiratory and systemic infections. For a preventive effect, you would need at least 100–200 mg per day. However, treating an infection would require significantly higher doses of vitamin C to reduce the inflammatory response and metabolic demand. 
• It plays a vital part in the skin’s defense system, acting as an antioxidant, supporting collagen production, protecting skin from sun damage, promoting wound healing, and boosting skin hydration.

Low levels of vitamin C are linked to poor health outcomes. Research shows that low vitamin C can put people at risk for inflammatory conditions.

Reducing Cancer Risk

Some research suggests that vitamin C intake in foods may reduce the risk of some cancer types. A 2021 Antioxidants review finds that consuming vitamin C from foods could potentially decrease the risk of pancreatic, breast, and pulmonary cancers. Still, more research is needed to confirm such findings.

The same report also suggests that vitamin C, already used as a complementary cancer therapy, can be administered in high doses to treat certain cancers. Research on safety and efficacy in this area is ongoing. 

The National Cancer Institute (NCI) reports some healthcare practitioners already use intravenous (IV) vitamin C to treat cancer, fatigue, and infections. According to the NCI, IV administration of vitamin C in doses of over 500 mg produces a higher blood concentration of ascorbate (a biologically active form of vitamin C) than oral supplementation.

Lowering Risk for Metabolic Syndrome

Vitamin C may help lower your risk for conditions associated with metabolic syndrome. Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of three or more conditions that increase the risk of heart attack, stroke, and diabetes. These conditions include high blood pressure, high blood sugar, abdominal obesity, high triglyceride levels, and low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (considered “good” cholesterol).

Research on vitamin C supplementation has shown reduced risk and improved conditions. The dosing for such studies falls between 100 mg and 150 mg.

Improving Cardiovascular Health

According to a 2020 review, Vitamin C has positive effects on cardiovascular health and blood flow. While the effects of vitamin C on heart health are promising, the authors note that more research is needed to confirm whether vitamin C alone can prevent cardiovascular disease. 

Most clinical studies recommend 500 to 1,000 mg of vitamin C daily for heart health. The NIH’s daily recommendations are much lower, at 75 mg to 90 mg.

Managing Blood Pressure

Studies have found that vitamin C may help to lower blood pressure in both people with hypertension (high blood pressure) and people without the condition.

One 2024 study aimed to evaluate the effect of a vitamin C supplement (130 mg) with a beverage containing 278.7 mg of flavonoids.

The results showed that vitamin C and flavonoids helped to prevent elevated blood pressure caused by heat exposure. The researchers attributed this to how vitamin C inhibits oxidative stress. While these results are promising, the long-term effects of vitamin C on blood pressure are not known. 

Reducing Uric Acid

Gout is a type of arthritis caused by high uric acid levels. It involves inflammation of the joints, often in the big toes. Gout attacks can cause severe swelling and pain.

A 2021 study found a strong link between vitamin C supplementation and decreased uric acid levels. In this study, a 500 mg daily vitamin C intake reduced uric acid levels.

While the researchers found the findings promising, they did not feel there was enough evidence to recommend vitamin C supplementation as a method of gout prevention or treatment. 

Preventing Iron Deficiency 

If you have an iron deficiency, your body does not have enough iron to produce the hemoglobin in red blood cells that carries oxygen to your organs and tissues. Vitamin C can improve iron absorption.

One 2020 clinical trial examined the effect of oral iron supplements and iron supplements in combination with vitamin C on treating iron deficiency anemia. It found that combining iron and vitamin C improved hemoglobin levels much better than treating with iron alone.

The dosing in this study was 100 mg iron and 200 mg vitamin C.

Promoting Eye Health 

Some research suggests that vitamin C may reduce the risk of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). According to the American Academy of Ophthalmology, 500 mg of vitamin C, combined with vitamin E, zinc, copper, lutein, and zeaxanthin, may decrease the risk for AMD.

Vitamin C may also delay the development of cataracts, which are a clouding of the eye’s normally clear lens caused by aging and diabetes.

Who Might Especially Benefit From Vitamin C?

Research shows that some people may benefit from a higher vitamin C intake. This includes:

• Smokers and people exposed to secondhand smoke: Smokers have an up to 3 times higher risk for vitamin C deficiency due to a more significant turnover of vitamin C in the body. Cigarette smoking also increases free radicals in the body, which causes a depletion of antioxidants as they work to repair damage. Exposure to secondhand smoke can also decrease vitamin C levels.
• Infants fed evaporated or boiled milk: Infants in developed countries are fed human milk and/or infant formula, which are vital to meeting vitamin C requirements. However, infants who are given evaporated or boiled milk cannot meet their daily vitamin C recommendations. 
• People with limited food options: Fruits and vegetables are the best sources of vitamin C. People who do not have access to these foods may not get enough vitamin C in their diets. This can include older adults, those who can’t prepare their own food, people with alcohol or other substance use disorders, people with mental illness, and children who might not get enough vitamin C from their diet.
• People with malabsorption and certain chronic diseases: Some medical conditions can reduce the body’s ability to absorb vitamin C. Conditions that may lead to malabsorption include celiac disease, lactose intolerance, cystic fibrosis, and bowel resection.

Additional health factors can affect a person’s vitamin C status. These include:

• Body weight 
• Disease states, including severe infections and conditions like cardiovascular disease and cancer
• Genetics 
• Pregnancy and lactation 

Can You Get Too Much Vitamin C?

Vitamin C toxicity is rare. The most common side effect of high vitamin C is gastrointestinal (GI) distress. 

GI symptoms from too much vitamin C include diarrhea, abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting. High amounts of vitamin C may also cause headaches. If you experience these symptoms after a high vitamin C dose, cutting back or stopping supplementation can help you feel better. 

How Much Is Too Much?

If you take more than 2,000 mg of vitamin C at once, you will most likely experience digestive symptoms. GI side effects and headaches are commonly seen in people who take high doses of vitamin C supplements.

Food vs. Supplements: Which Source Is Better?

Many foods contain vitamin C, especially fruits and vegetables. You can get the recommended amounts of vitamin C from food if you are eating a balanced diet. 

For most people, getting their vitamin C from food is better than taking supplements. If you are getting enough vitamin C from your diet, you likely will not need to supplement. 

Top Foods Packed With Vitamin C

All fruits and vegetables contain vitamin C. Raw fruits and vegetables are the best sources of vitamin C. Cooking vitamin-rich foods or storing them for long periods can reduce their amount of vitamin C. 

Fruits with the highest amounts of vitamin C include:

• Berries, such as strawberries, raspberries, blueberries, and cranberries
• Cantaloupe 
• Citrus fruits and juices 
• Kiwifruit
• Tropical fruits, including mango and pineapple 
• Watermelon

Vegetables from the highest amounts of vitamin C include:

• Cruciferous vegetables, such as broccoli, brussels sprouts, and cauliflower
• Green and red peppers 
• Leafy green vegetables, including spinach, cabbage, and kale
• Sweet and white potatoes 
• Tomatoes and tomato juice
• Vegetable juices 

Various cereals, foods, and beverages are fortified with vitamin C. This means that vitamin C has been added to them. Check product labels to see which foods and beverages are vitamin C fortified. 

Marketers of hemp-based CBD (cannabidiol) have gotten creamed over the last several years, amid regulatory uncertainty, fierce competition and price wars.

The good news is that some human clinical studies whose results have been published in recent months show promising health effects for the broader cannabinoid category, including the CBD market.

Over the summer, Charlotte, North Carolina-based cbdMD Inc. announced the publication of its human clinical trial data, demonstrating health benefits of its broad-spectrum CBD blend.

The 12-week study of 54 healthy males and females was completed by researchers at the University of South Carolina. Among the benefits noted, participants who consumed 100 mg (milligrams) of the broad-spectrum CBD blend for 90 days realized substantial pain relief compared to the group who took a placebo.

“The primary takeaway is everyone — males and females — had a significant reduction in pain,” said Sibyl Swift, Ph.D., chief science officer and VP of regulatory affairs with cbdMD, in an interview over the summer.

In other findings from the randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, men showed notable decreases in “anger-hostility” scores after consuming the product for 60 days, while females reported reduced perceived stress levels over the 90-day period of consumption, cbdMD reported.

The results showed the broad-spectrum CBD is well-tolerated and safe and are consistent with prior toxicity research that affirms the safety of consuming 2.29 mg per kilogram of body weight daily, according to the company.

“A lot of people fail to actually look at [toxicity] endpoints when they do clinical studies,” Swift told SupplySide Supplement Journal (previously known as Natural Products Insider). “They only focus on how the product was beneficial. They don’t look at serum markers over the course of the study to determine whether or not there was a toxicological effect in people.”

The clinical trial results were published online in June in the Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition.

…

On July 31, Porland, Oregon-based FloraWorks announced peer-reviewed publication of its study on TruCBN, a proprietary version of cannabinol (CBN). The results of the double-blind, placebo-controlled study of over 1,000 participants were published in the journal Pharmaceuticals.

Among the key findings, 50 mg of TruCBN showed significantly improved sleep quality compared to placebo and outperformed a standard dose of melatonin. Study participants also observed no material differences in side effects compared to placebo.

In a July 31 press release, FloraWorks CEO Alleh Lindquist described publication of the clinical trial results as “a major step forward in our efforts to bring TruCBN into the mainstream markets as a safe and effective alternative in the fight against sleeplessness.”

In an interview in August with SupplySide Supplement Journal, Lindquist said he wants TruCBN to be incorporated in prominent supplement brands such as Kirkland Signature, Life Extension and Nature Made. He added his company has commenced talks with major retailers and brands.

In the dispensary market, where states regulate legal recreational cannabis, four of the five top-selling products are CBN SKUs, Lindquist said, referencing data from BDS Analytics (now known as BDSA) and Headset.

Unlike the regulatory challenges facing the CBD category, FDA has not determined that CBN cannot be marketed in supplements, and Lindquist said he wants CBN to be “sold alongside other dietary ingredients next to the melatonin on the sleep shelf.”

…

The same day as FloraWorks’ announcement, MDbio – The Doctor’s Brand (MDbio) publicized the results of its clinical trials involving more than 3,500 Americans.

Los Angeles-based MDbio shared that:

– MDcalm significantly outperformed placebo for anxiety and sleep disturbance, resulting in clinically meaningful improvements in 77% and 66% of participants, respectively, in clinical trials involving 1,461 adults. The product combines full-spectrum hemp, magnesium and a botanical blend of adaptogens.

– MDsleep significantly outperformed placebo for sleep disturbance, anxiety and stress, resulting in clinically meaningful improvements in 57%, 60% and 38% of participants, respectively, in clinical trials involving 620 U.S. adults. The supplement also significantly outperformed placebo for improved quality of life. MDsleep contains full-spectrum hemp with GABA (Gamma-aminobutyric acid), L-theanine and bio-terpene complex (hops, valerian and proprietary terpene oil blend).

– The results of the MDsleep clinical trial were published in the peer-reviewed journal, Nutrients, and the company’s CEO, Brenden Dougherty, told SupplySide Supplement Journal in August that the clinical trial results for two other products — MDcalm and MDrelief — were being submitted for peer review.

– MDrelief significantly outperformed placebo for pain interference and pain intensity in women below age 50. Averaged across all genders and ages (21 to 77), clinically meaningful improvements were observed in pain interference and pain intensity in 54% and 66% of participants respectively, in clinical trials involving 1,160 U.S. adults. The supplement blends full-spectrum hemp with geranylgeraniol, frankincense and white willow bark.

“Women under 50 responded extremely well to MDrelief in our clinicals,” Dougherty said in an interview. “So now, running a clinical of women under 50 will give us better results and potential clinical standards in that subset.”

Jeff Chen, M.D., is co-founder and CEO of Radicle Science, which conducts clinical trials on natural products. Radicle Science spearheaded the clinical trials for FloraWorks and MDbio, which was founded by four Los Angeles physicians.

MDbio’s clinical trials were noteworthy, considering the state of science to substantiate the health benefits of dietary supplement products, according to Chen and Dougherty.

“Less than 1 percent of supplement SKUs available in America have clinical evidence that they are more effective than placebo,” Chen said in a recent interview.

Dougherty described being able to share the clinical results as an “incredibly powerful” marketing tool, especially within the health care practitioner channel, and he said his company’s labels will contain a “clinically proven” seal.

“Our sleep product is clinically proven to help you get better sleep,” he said. “It’s also clinically proven to decrease stress and decrease anxiety, and it’s clinically proven to give you a better quality of life. Those are claims we can make and substantiate based on our clinical results.”

…

Making advertising and marketing claims based on clinical results is an art unto itself. Under the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994 (DSHEA), marketers can make statements about the effects of an ingredient on the structure or function of the human body.

But the U.S. Food and Drug Administration may consider a statement an unlawful disease claim, even if a company has robust clinical evidence that a product or ingredient mitigates pain or anxiety, for example, and even if the Federal Trade Commission believes an advertisement is substantiated.

Complicating matters for the CBD category, FDA continues to assert the ingredient is excluded from the definition of a dietary supplement. Its position, based on a drug (Epidiolex) that was approved in 2018 to treat rare, severe forms of epilepsy, has not been challenged, upheld or rejected in the courts.

cbdMD’s Swift, a former official in FDA’s Office of Dietary Supplement Programs (ODSP), is aware of the federal rules and complexities surrounding the CBD category, including the potential pitfalls of touting the health benefits of a product based on clinical results.

“You have to make a business decision if you’re willing to take on the risk, and in the supplement space … we’re not going to make egregious statements about how [broad-spectrum CBD] impacts disease-level pain,” she said. “But does it impact post-workout? Absolutely.”

Radicle Science co-founder and executive chair Pelin Thorogood said there needs to be more studies on CBD and minor cannabinoids to explore how they interact with the endocannabinoid system and hopefully promote wellness across such conditions as anxiety, sleep and pain.

The “marijuana/cannabis/THC/cannabinoid universe” is facing a “trough of disillusionment,” according to Chen. But should cannabis become legalized in the coming years at the federal level, the physician anticipates a resurgence of interest and investments in the category, including in nonintoxicating cannabinoids.

In the meantime, Chen and Thorogood believe that research will continue to be led by ingredient suppliers like FloraWorks rather than finished-product brands in the cannabinoid space.

“Everything starts with ingredient suppliers,” Thorogood said.

This reality could help ingredient companies like FloraWorks build relationships with prominent supplement brands and differentiate the relatively few brands like cbdMD and MDbio that have demonstrated the health benefits of their finished products through clinical trials. According to a 2024 report published by McKinsey & Company, which surveyed more than 5,000 consumers in China, the United Kingdom and U.S., efficacy and scientific credibility are two of the most important factors when choosing wellness products.

Consumers today are “hoping … the influencer at this brand is telling them the truth,” Dougherty of MDbio said. “But we’re changing that paradigm, so you don’t have to believe in hope. You believe in our data, and you believe in science.”